On July 2, 1944, the Polish poet and fiction writer Tadeusz Borowski begins a letter to his mother written while he was a prisoner in Auschwitz:
“What’s of greatest
interest first: the eggs are amazingly fresh and very much desired, the butter
is wonderful, straight from the cow. And the cheese as well.”
Borowski was not Jewish
but a veteran of twentieth-century barbarism. He was born in 1922 in the Soviet
Ukraine to Polish parents. His father was shipped to Siberia in 1926 to work on
the infamous White Sea Canal. When he was eight, his mother was sent to a
settlement on the Yenisei River, also in Siberia. Borowski was cared for by an
aunt. In 1932, the Polish Red Cross arranged for the family to be reunited and sent
to Warsaw in exchange for Communist prisoners. Borowski attended a school run
by Franciscan monks and, after the start of the Nazi occupation, a clandestine
underground school. That’s when he started writing. Among his earliest work was
a translation of the fool’s songs in Twelfth Night. He published his
first collection of poems in an edition of 165. In 1943, at age twenty-one, Borowski was arrested by the Gestapo and sent to Auschwitz.
Later in the letter to his
mother, he writes: “I, myself, am, of course, well and cheerful, a normal
person who accepts the present as though it were already the past, who is full
of hope and not without a future.” He adds: “Will we ever be so young again?
Life truly is short. And is art truly long?”
In late 1944, Borowski was
transferred from Auschwitz to the Dautmergen sub-camp of Natzweiler-Struthof in
Germany, and finally to Dachau. He was among the prisoners liberated by
American troops on May 1, 1945. The number tattooed on his arm was 119198.
After the war, Borowski began
writing prose fiction. A collection of his stories was translated into English
and published by Viking in 1967. Philip Roth later included that volume, This
Way for the Gas, Ladies and Gentlemen (trans. Barbara Vedder), in a series
he edited for Penguin, Writers from the Other Europe, alongside titles by Milan
Kundera, Danilo Kis, Bruno Schulz and others. That slender 1980 paperback still sits
on my shelf though brown, brittle and a bit ragged. I remember reading those stories as though they were a sacred text. I had
never read anything so grim. A warning: events recounted in his stories are
shockingly violent. Atrocities are performed casually by German guards and
kapos among the prisoners, and Borowski narrates them in a voice almost
clinical. There’s no melodrama.
Finally, in 2021, Yale University Press published a more complete edition, Here in Our Auschwitz and Other Stories (trans. Madeline G. Levine), with a foreword by Timothy Snyder, author of Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin (2010). The earlier collection’s title story is here translated as “Ladies and Gentlemen, Welcome to the Gas.” Its narrator works on the ramp beside the railroad tracks in a concentration camp (as Borowski did), unloading the train cars filled with prisoners. He pulls back from the scene and describes the larger context. In effect, he tries to make sense of the Holocaust and suggests it may continue without end:
“The transports grow into weeks, months, years. When the war
ends, they will count up the incinerated. They will calculate a total of four
and a half million. The bloodiest battle of the war, the greatest victory of
united and unanimous Germany. Ein Reich, ein Volk, ein Führer – and four crematoriums. . . .
The Jews will burn, the Poles will burn, the Russians will burn . . . . The gas
chambers will be improved, made more efficient, will be more cunningly
disguised.”
Later, Borowski turned to journalism and joined Poland’s
Communist Party. His collected works, published in Poland in 1954, totaled five
volumes. His letters reveal Borowski’s tortured disillusionment with the
Stalinists. In West Berlin, he had acquired a copy of The God That Failed.
In 1951, age twenty-eight, he asphyxiated himself with gas from a stove.
[The letter is collected
in Postal Indiscretions: The Correspondence of Tadeusz Borowski (trans. Alicia
Nitecki, Northwestern University Press, 2007).]
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